The Vinaya (a word in Pāli Pali is a Middle Indo-Aryan language (or prakrit) of India. It is best known as the language of many of the earliest extant Buddhist scriptures, as collected in the Pāḷi Canon or Tipitaka, and as the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism as well as in Sanskrit Sanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. It is also declared as a Classical Language of India along with Tamil, Telugu and Kannada, with literal meaning 'leading out', 'education', 'discipline') is the regulatory framework for the Buddhist Buddhism is a religion and a philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by adherents as an monastic community, or sangha Sangha is a word in Pali or Sanskrit that can be translated roughly as "association" or "assembly," "company" or "community" with common goal, vision or purpose. It is commonly used in several senses to refer to Buddhist or Jain groups. Traditionally, in Buddhism Sangha almost always has one of two meanings:, based in the canonical texts called Vinaya Pitaka The Vinaya Piṭaka is a Buddhist scripture, one of the three parts that make up the Tripitaka. Its primary subject matter is the monastic rules for monks and nuns. The name Vinaya Piṭaka is the same in Pāli, Sanskrit and other dialects used by early Buddhists in India, and means basket of discipline. The teachings of the Buddha Siddhārtha Gautama was a spiritual teacher in the north eastern region of the Indian subcontinent who founded Buddhism. In most Buddhist traditions, he is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (Sammāsambuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one." The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century, or Buddhadharma Buddhism is a religion and a philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by adherents as an can be divided into two broad categories: 'Dharma The term dharma (Sanskrit: dhárma, Pāḷi dhamma), is an Indian spiritual and religious term, that means one's righteous duty or any virtuous path in the common sense of the term. A Hindu's dharma is affected by a person's age, class, occupation, and sex. In Indian languages it can be equivalent simply to religion, depending on context. The word' or doctrine, and 'Vinaya', or discipline. Another term for Buddhism is dharmavinaya.

At the heart of the Vinaya is a set of rules known as Patimokkha In Buddhism, the Patimokkha is the basic Theravada code of monastic discipline, consisting of 227 rules for fully ordained monks and 311 for nuns (bhikkhunis). It is contained in the Suttavibhanga, a division of the Vinaya Pitaka (Pāli), or Pratimoksha The Pratimoksha deals with the buddhist vows of personal liberation given by the Buddha to his followers. "Prati" means 'towards' or 'every', "moksha" liberation from cyclic existence. The Pratimoksha comprehends the vows for nuns and monks (Buddhist monastics) as well as vows for the lay followers of Buddhism. The Pratimoksha (Sanskrit). The Vinaya was orally passed down from the Buddha to his disciples. Eventually, numerous different Vinayas arose in Buddhism, based upon geographical or cultural differences and the different Buddhist schools Schools of Buddhism are classified in various ways. Normal English-language usage divides Buddhism into Theravada (also known by the name Hinayana, which many consider pejorative) and Mahayana. The most common classification among scholars is threefold, with Mahayana split into East Asian (also known simply as Mahayana) and Vajrayana, or Tibetan that developed. Three of these are still in use. The Vinayas are the same in substance and have only minor differences. Buddhists in Burma Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia or Indochina. The country is bordered by China on the northeast, Laos on the east, Thailand on the southeast, Bangladesh on the west, India on the northwest and the Bay of Bengal to the southwest with the Andaman Sea defining its southern, Cambodia The Kingdom of Cambodia , formerly known as Kampuchea (/kæmpuːˈtʃiːə/, ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា Preăh Réachéa Nachâk Kâmpŭchea, derived from Sanskrit Kambujadesa), is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 14 million people. The kingdom's capital and largest city is Phnom Penh, Laos Laos , officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and People's Republic of China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west. Laos traces its history to the Kingdom of Lan Xang or Land of a Million Elephants, which existed from the 13, Sri Lanka Sri Lanka , officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (pronounced /ˌʃriːˈlɑːŋkɑː/, Sinhala: , Tamil: இலங்கை; known as Ceylon (/sɪˈlɒn/) before 1972 and as Taprobane (/təˈprɒbəniː/) in ancient times), is an island country in South Asia, located about 31 kilometres (19.3 mi) off the southern coast of, and Thailand The Kingdom of Thailand (pronounced /ˈtaɪlænd/; Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย Ratcha Anachak Thai, IPA: [râːtɕʰa ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k tʰɑj]) is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia follow the Theravadin Theravada (Pāli: थेरवाद theravāda ; literally, "the Teaching of the Elders" or "the Ancient Teaching", is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It was founded in India. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism, and for many centuries has been the predominant religion of Sri Lanka ( Vinaya, which has 227 rules[1] for the bhikkhus A Bhikku , Bhikṣu (Sanskrit) (Thai: ภิกษุ) is a fully ordained male Buddhist monastic. Female monastic is called Bhikkhuni (Skt: Bhikṣuṇī). Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis keep many precepts: they live by the vinaya's framework of monastic discipline, the basic rules of which are called the patimokkha. Their lifestyle is shaped so as to (male monastics) and 311[2] for the bhikkhunis A Bhikkhuni (Bhikṣuṇī , Bhikkhunī (Pāli) or 比丘尼(Chinese characters), Thai: ภิกษุณี, IPA: [pʰiksuniː]) is a fully ordained female Buddhist monastic. Male monastics are called Bhikkhus. Both Bhikkunis and Bhikkhus live by the vinaya. Bhikkhuni lineages enjoy a broad basis in Mahayana countries like Korea, Vietnam, China (female monastics, though the female order died out centuries ago and recent attempts to restore it from the Chinese tradition are controversial). Buddhists in China China (simplified Chinese: 中国; traditional Chinese: 中國; Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōngguó ; Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguó; Wade-Giles: Chung¹kuo²) is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia, Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters which make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which, Korea Korea is a civilization and formerly unified nation currently divided into two states. Located on the Korean Peninsula, it borders China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait, Taiwan Taiwan , also known as Formosa (Chinese: 福爾摩沙; from Portuguese: (Ilha) Formosa, meaning "beautiful (island)"), is the largest island of the Republic of China (ROC) in East Asia. Taiwan is located east of the Taiwan Strait, off the southeastern coast of mainland China. Since the end of World War II in 1945, the island group has and Vietnam Vietnam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (Vietnamese: Biển Đô follow the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya (四分律),[3][4] which has 250 rules[5] for the bhikkhus and 348 rules[6] for the bhikkhunis. Buddhists in Tibet Tibet is a plateau region in Asia and disputed territory, north of the Himalayas. It is home to the indigenous Tibetan people, and to some other ethnic groups such as Monpas and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese people. Tibet is the highest region on earth, with an average elevation of 4,900 metres (16,000 ft) and Mongolia Mongolia (pronounced /mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/; Mongolian: Монгол улс , literally Mongol country/nation, ) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only 38 follow the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, which has 253 rules for the bhikshus and 364 rules for bhikshunis (in theory, though the female order was never introduced in Tibet; it has recently been authorized by the Dalai Lama). In addition to these patimokkha rules there are many supplementary rules.

The Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as "islands unto themselves". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: "more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself."[7]

Surrounding the rules is a range of texts. Some of these explain the origins of the rules - it is possible to trace the development of the rules from responses to specific situations or actions to a general codification. There are also a number of sutta Sūtra , literally means a thread or line that holds things together, and more metaphorically refers to an aphorism (or line, rule, formula), or a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual. It is derived from the verbal root siv-, meaning to sew (these words, including Latin suere and English to sew, all ultimately deriving from PIE *-like texts that are more general statements about Buddhist doctrine, or that give biographical details of some of the great disciples and their enlightenment. Other sections detail how the rules are to be applied, how breaches are to be dealt with, and how disputes amongst the monks are handled.

It is thought that originally there were no rules and the Buddha and his disciples just lived in harmony when they were together. Most of the time they would have been wandering alone, but every year, during the monsoon season when travelling became impossible, the bhikkhus would come together for a few months. As the sangha became bigger and started accepting people of lesser ability who remained unenlightened, it became necessary to begin having rules.

It seems that initially these were quite flexible and were adapted to the situation. By the time of the Buddha's death there would have been a body of rules bhikkhus were expected to follow. In the Mahaparinibbana Sutta the Buddha, as part of his last teaching, tells the bhikkhus that they can abandon some minor rules, but that they should stick to the major ones, but there appears to have been some confusion over which was which. It was therefore decided that they would keep all of the rules. Immediately after the Buddha's death there was a council, at which all of the teachings were recited, collected, and sorted. Legend has it that the huge volume of teachings was recited from memory, with Ananda Ānanda was one of many principal disciples and a devout attendant of the Buddha. Amongst the Buddha's many disciples, Ānanda had the most retentive memory and most of the suttas in the Sutta Pitaka are attributed to his recollection of the Buddha's teachings during the First Buddhist Council. For that, he was known as the Guardian of the Dharma reciting the dhamma and Upali Upali was a monk, one of the ten chief disciples of the Buddha. Before joining the order, he worked as a barber. He asked the Buddha if a person of "low birth" such as he could join the order. Buddha ordained him before the princes and asked the princes to pay homage to Upali, who by then had become an Arhant with Buddha's sermons while reciting the Vinaya.

References

  1. ^ http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/vin/sv/bhikkhu-pati.html
  2. ^ http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/vin/sv/bhikkhuni-pati.html
  3. ^ 四分律 http://www.cbeta.org/result/T22/T22n1428.htm
  4. ^ 解脫戒經 http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T24/1460_001.htm
  5. ^ 《四分律比丘戒本》 http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T22/1429_001.htm
  6. ^ 《摩訶僧祇比丘尼戒本》 http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T22/1427_001.htm
  7. ^ Richard Gombrich Richard Francis Gombrich is a British Indologist and scholar of Sanskrit, Pāli, and Buddhist Studies. He acted as the Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford from 1976 to 2004. He is currently Founder-President of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies. He is a past President of the Pali Text Society (1994-2002) and General Editor, Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988, page 89. He is quoting Carrithers.

See also

External links

Buddhism Buddhism is a religion and a philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by adherents as an topics Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices considered by most to be a religion and is based on the teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as "The Buddha" , who was born in what is today Nepal. He lived and taught in the northeastern region of the Indian subcontinent and most likely died around 400 BCE
Foundations Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices considered by most to be a religion and is based on the teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as "The Buddha" , who was born in what is today Nepal. He lived and taught in the northeastern region of the Indian subcontinent and most likely died around 400 BCE Three Jewels The Three Jewels, also called the Three Treasures, the Three Refuges, or the Triple Gem, are the three things that Buddhists take refuge in, and look toward for guidance, in the process known as taking refuge (Buddha Siddhārtha Gautama was a spiritual teacher in the north eastern region of the Indian subcontinent who founded Buddhism. In most Buddhist traditions, he is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (Sammāsambuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one." The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century · Dharma In East Asia, the character for Dharma is 法, pronounced fǎ in Mandarin Chinese and hō in Japanese. The Tibetan translation of this term is chos . In Mongolian dharma is translated as nom, which is noteworthy since it ultimately derives from the Greek word νομος (nomos) (law). In South and Southeast Asian Theravada areas the Pali term ' · Sangha Sangha is a word in Pali or Sanskrit that can be translated roughly as "association" or "assembly," "company" or "community" with common goal, vision or purpose. It is commonly used in several senses to refer to Buddhist or Jain groups. Traditionally, in Buddhism Sangha almost always has one of two meanings:) · Four Noble Truths The Four Noble Truths (Sanskrit: catvāri āryasatyāni; Wylie: 'phags pa'i bden pa bzhi; Pali: cattāri ariyasaccāni) is one of the most fundamental Buddhist teachings. In broad terms, these truths relate to suffering (or dukkha), its nature, its origin, its cessation and the path leading to its cessation. They are among the truths Siddhartha · Noble Eightfold Path The Noble Eightfold Path is one of the principal teachings of the Buddha, who described it as the way leading to the cessation of suffering and the achievement of self-awakening. It is used to develop insight into the true nature of phenomena (or reality) and to eradicate greed, hatred, and delusion. The Noble Eightfold Path is the fourth of the · Nirvana In sramanic thought, Nirvana is the state of being free from suffering. It is an important concept in Buddhism and Jainism · Middle Way In general, the Middle Way or Middle Path is the Buddhist practice of non-extremism
The Buddha Siddhārtha Gautama was a spiritual teacher in the north eastern region of the Indian subcontinent who founded Buddhism. In most Buddhist traditions, he is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (Sammāsambuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one." The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century Tathāgata Tathāgata in Pali and Sanskrit (Chin., Jpn.: 如来; Kor.:여래; Vietnamese: Như Lai; Tibetan དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ) means, both one who has thus gone (Tathā-gata) and one who has thus come (Tathā-āgata). In other words the Tathagatas are beyond all coming and going. Others assert that the name means one who has found · Birthday The birth of the Buddha is often celebrated by Buddhists in India for an entire month in the Buddhist calendar. The actual day is called Buddha Poornima , also traditionally known as Vaishakh Poornima. Although the day marks not just the birth of Shakyamuni Gautam Buddha, but also the day of Enlightenment, and Mahaparinirvana. But as a gentle · Four sights The four sights were specific observations made by Prince Siddhārtha , which lead to a realization. Before this, he had been confined to his palace by his father, who feared that he would become an ascetic if he came into contact with sufferings of life according to a prediction. However, on his first venture out of the palace with his charioteer · Physical characteristics Although Gautama Buddha was not represented in artistic form until around the 1st century CE, the physical characteristics of the Buddha are described in one of the central texts of the traditional Pali canon, the Digha Nikaya, in the "Discourse of the Marks" (D.32), and are also enumerated in the Brahmāyu Sutta of the Majjhima Nikāya ( · Footprint The footprint of the Buddha is an imprint of Gautama Buddha's one or both feet. It comes in two forms: natural, as found in stone or rock, and artificial engravement. Many of the "natural" ones, of course, are acknowledged not to be actual footprints of the Buddha, but replicas or representations of them, which can be considered relics · Iconography The Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand is referred to as pang phraputtarup th:ปางพระพุทธรูป, and a given pose as pang Thai: ปาง episode. These recall specific episodes during his travels and teachings that are familiar to Buddhists according to an iconography with specific rules; certain ones of · Films · Miracles · Family: (Suddhodana (father) · Maya (mother) · Yasodhara (wife) · Rahula (son)) · Places where the Buddha stayed · Buddha in world religions
Key Concepts Three Marks of Existence: (Impermanence · Suffering · Not-self) · Dependent Origination · Five Aggregates · Karma · Rebirth · Saṃsāra · Saṅkhāra · Defilements · Ignorance · Craving · Five Hindrances · Ten Fetters · Faculties · Enlightenment (Awakening) · Parinirvana · Thusness · Two truths doctrine · Emptiness · Bodhicitta · Bodhisattva · Buddha-nature · Mindstream · Dzogchen
Cosmology Ten spiritual realms · Six Realms (Hell · Animal realm · Hungry Ghost realm · Asura realm · Human realm · Heaven) · Three planes of existence
Practices Refuge · Buddhist devotion · Puja: (Offerings · Prostration · Chanting) · Merit · Paritta · Generosity · Renunciation · Morality: (Precepts · Bodhisattva vows · Patimokkha) · Threefold Training: (Morality · Concentration · Wisdom) · Four Divine Abidings: (Loving-kindness · Compassion · Sympathetic joy · Equanimity) · Perfections · Enlightenment Qualities · Seven Factors of Enlightenment · Bases of Power · Five Strengths · Faith · Effort (Four Right Exertions) · Mindfulness (Satipatthana) · Jhāna (Dhyāna) · Bhavana · Meditation: (Kammaṭṭhāna · Recollection · Smarana · Mindfulness of Breathing · Serenity meditation · Insight meditation · Shikantaza · Zazen · Kōan · Mandala · Tonglen · Tantra · Tertön · Terma)
Attainment Types of Buddha · Private Buddha · Bodhisattva · Four stages of enlightenment: (Stream-enterer · Once-returner · Non-returner · Arahant)
Monasticism Monk · Nun · Novice monk · Novice nun · Anagarika · Ajahn · Sayadaw · Zen master · Roshi · Lama · Rinpoche · Geshe · Tulku · Householder · Lay follower · Disciple
Major Figures Gautama Buddha · Sāriputta · Mahamoggallāna · Ananda · Maha Kassapa · Anuruddha · Mahakaccana · Nanda · Subhuti · Punna · Upali · Mahapajapati Gotami · Khema · Uppalavanna · Buddhaghosa · Nagasena · Bodhidharma · Nagarjuna · Asanga · Vasubandhu · Atisha · Padmasambhava · Dalai Lama
Texts Tipitaka: (Vinaya Pitaka · Sutta Pitaka · Abhidhamma Pitaka) · Commentaries: (Visuddhimagga) · Mahayana sutras · Chinese Buddhist canon (Tripitaka Koreana) · Tibetan Buddhist canon
Branches Theravada · Mahayana: (Zen · Pure Land · Tiantai · Nichiren · Madhyamaka · Yogacara) · Vajrayana: (Tibetan Buddhism · Shingon) · Early Buddhist schools · Pre-sectarian Buddhism · Basic points unifying Theravada and Mahayana
Countries Bangladesh · Bhutan · Burma · Cambodia · China · India · Indonesia · Japan · Korea · Laos · Malaysia · Mongolia · Nepal · Pakistan · Russia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Taiwan · Thailand · Tibet · Vietnam · Western countries: (Australia · United Kingdom · United States)
History Timeline · Buddhist councils · History of Buddhism in India · Decline of Buddhism in India · Ashoka the Great · Greco-Buddhism · Buddhism and the Roman world · Silk Road transmission of Buddhism · Persecution of Buddhists
Philosophy Abhidharma · Logic · Buddhology · Eschatology · Reality · God · Humanism · Engaged Buddhism · Socialism · Anarchism · Economics · Atomism · Evolution · Sexuality · Homosexuality · Ethics · Fourteen unanswerable questions
Culture Art · Greco-Buddhist art · Poetry · Buddha statue · Budai · Symbolism: (Dharmacakra · Flag · Bhavacakra · Thangka) · Prayer wheel · Mala · Mudra · Mantra (Om mani padme hum) · Music · Holidays: (Vesak · Magha Puja · Uposatha) · Rains retreat · Monastic robe · Architecture: (Vihara · Wat · Stupa · Pagoda · Thai temple art and architecture) · Pilgrimage: (Lumbini · Bodh Gaya · Sarnath · Kushinagar) · Bodhi Tree · Mahabodhi Temple · Calendar · Cuisine · Vegetarianism
Miscellaneous Lineage · Maitreya · Avalokiteśvara (Guan Yin) · Amitābha · Brahmā · Māra · Dhammapada · Vinaya · Sutra · Hinayana · Liturgical languages: (Pali · Sanskrit) · Dharma talk · Kalpa · Higher Knowledge · Supernormal Powers
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